Reciprocal interdependence between infectious and hematologic diseases (malignant and non-malignant) is well known. This relationship is particularly evident in Mediterranean countries. Parasitosis as Malaria, Leishmaniosis, B Hookworms, Teniasis, very common in the southeast Mediterranean area, infect about a billion people and manifest prevalently with anemia so that they are usually diagnosed mostly by experienced hematologist on blood or bone marrow smear. On the other hand, infections are also a significant problem in patients affected by hematological malignancies. The blood is the primary vector of HIV infection, which otherwise manifest with symptoms related to a reduction in T lymphocytes. In turn, infections can favor the insurgency of hematological malignancies. The causative relationship between Epstein-Barr virus infection, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus, HIV and lymphoproliferative diseases is well known.

众所周知，传染病和血液病（恶性和非恶性）之间存在相互依赖关系。这种关系在地中海国家尤为明显。寄生虫病，如疟疾、利什曼病、B 钩虫病、绦虫病，在东南地中海地区非常常见，感染了大约 10 亿人，并普遍表现为贫血，因此通常由经验丰富的血液学家通过血液或骨髓涂片进行诊断。另一方面，感染也是血液系统恶性肿瘤患者面临的一个重大问题。血液是 HIV 感染的主要媒介，否则会出现与 T 淋巴细胞减少相关的症状。反过来，感染又会加剧血液系统恶性肿瘤的发生。众所周知，Epstein-Barr 病毒感染、幽门螺杆菌、丙型肝炎病毒、HIV 和淋巴增生性疾病之间存在因果关系。

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